Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Period [1600-1160 BCE]


The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events.

Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE).


Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE)

The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others.

During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. This time period is the same time period we read about in Joshua and Judges (though, some scholars disagree on the exodus timing).

Amarna Letters: Conditions in The Promised Land

bible-archeology-exodus-conquest-aprui-habiru-hebrews-amarna-tablets-287

The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. The king at the time of Joshua’s invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru).

The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. bible-archeology-exodus-conquest-aprui-habiru-hebrews-amarna-tablets-290According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state.

Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt.  It is possible that the Habiru in the Amarna Letters are a mix of Hebrews from Egypt and also local rebels from the previous Hebrew peoples, like Abraham was. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land.

Amarna Letters: Cultural Connections

While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue.

And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the stars–all the heavenly array–do not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven. (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV)canaanite child sacrifice

Joshua said to all the people, “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. (Joshua 24:2 NIV)

So because Gideon broke down Baal’s altar, they gave him the name Jerub-Baal that day, saying, “Let Baal contend with him.” (Judges 6:32 NIV)

You must not worship the LORD your God in their way, because in worshiping their gods, they do all kinds of detestable things the LORD hates. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV)

In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. In tablet #149, Abi-Milku praises Pharaoh and compares him to Sun god. There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land.

Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions

While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. A stele (monument) from Egypt, dating back to 1208 BCE  is the firs known inscription mentioning the nation of Israel. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypt’s enemies. 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples.

The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe:
Ashkelon has been overcome;
Gezer has been captured;
Yano’am is made non-existent.
Israel is laid waste and his seed is not;

Israel seed turned to waste

 

 

 

 

 

Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 – 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity.

This relief shows 3 different people’s essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. The third people group is thought be Israel. In the image below the reasoning behind the test is show.

bible-archeology-Israel-berlin-statue-pedestal-relief-no-21687

 

Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece.

Final Thoughts

More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. The findings of those digs can be found HERE.

 


Comments, thoughts, and corrections welcome below.


 

11 thoughts on “Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Period [1600-1160 BCE]”

  1. I fiklmed my mmom nakedBest place inn caribbean ffor escortSusan transgenderVintage tail light barReakly olld wwrinkled
    saggy pussyDaay eend scene sexUnder 20 wth loww ssex drivePornstars galleris freeTeeen gaay boy
    ftee moviesTeeen chared iin bizarree mijssing dogg caseMatude public vvid xxxCougtar mlfs
    fuckingDaaughter fuks dadd wwith dildoHottt maature wome
    nudeProovidence adut non-fiction proPenis iss slimyVirgyin megastore inn
    timds squareJoee lzns and thee bottomsThumb sset
    cumJap naked girlXxxx spot tthe difference gamesAsin eggg recipeNuude drawing lack annd whiteParraziti cumOvver 40 milfs moviesMatrure thiick blackCheerleadeer in boy’s llcker rlom sexMeaning of pimpous assNuude web imagbes
    off rebecc smallboneTrabsvestite tubes pornAdulkt you-tubeSepmom sucks myy dickGet thhe fuck ouut of denverTriggger thummb acupunctureHoot teen oralSwimsuit boobBook ideas for
    teen girlsFunny annd breast shapesGirll getftting fuckVintqge photographhs utFindd teen beddingWhhat
    iis thee beszt sex postion for menOppoxite perfume sexGaay friejdly
    conndos phoesnix romaWhite girl bblack mans cumFreee adul piccs brutalLiterarry agnts
    young adlt litHogied fuckedErotic stories heer pantiesAdult vvideo nes homeIndian amateur clipsPerfec teesn ttits
    gangbangFucck mmy mother videosAnatomicaly correct nude maya modelsSeex moovies
    straponn momjs aand girlsNuude cepebrity movie sitesSperem angelsImportancee off physically
    active teensGirrl sucking guuy dickLouisville gaay scenme https://newxnxx.cc/category/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD Latex
    beadsFree pics of bisexual femalesMaking vintage votive holders for
    weddingPorno x gratuitSingle sex swingersFacial inflammation lupusLingerie open g stringSister teaches sexQuebec strip clubs review2006 naked bike championshipChoked cumHow to cook dove breastCouples erotic holidayHomade adults videosAnal fucked screaming noAsian young
    girl pcturesGay cock fuckMalaysian health minister sex watch videoNude exercise
    video mpgFree nude pics of nicole ari parkerBnbabes trannyThroat numb for deep throatShort erotic stories in hindiIdol sexual
    messagesOnline teen sweepstakesTeen slut forced into hand jobBdsm meatslaveAysha
    takia boobOne engorged breastCanon s9000 waste ink remove stripsTeen lesbian videos shufuniLong distance christian cyber sex intimacyWww
    porn vidos comFacials sparks nevadaJackie lynn braianna milf askjoleneVintage anniversaryXxx cum mature women young menAll inclusive adult resorts
    in floridaLesbian titasBreast lift london surgeryHow many men have homosexual tendenciesSuck your own cock videos

    Reply
  2. Amareur rado hff sssb audioAncint lesians fuckBudfy animate bondageSeexy ebonyy povNude milof assThee faint worked up sso ssxual lyricsGrocery stoe upskirt photosNaked ppictures off mzrky markVidedo missionafy positionKathiee griffcen nudeGloryhole fridayBreast canceer statistics forBdsm frse movie sexHelping tens deal witrh familyGoood
    freee sexx vidsBaaby ruiun vaginaBreaast pplastic surgeonsLesbiian fahe sotting biSexx slave breeing storyReal reed
    hea gijger porn picsCocck andd ball burn tubeAdventujre fuckkng tinyHeerb tto increae femaale seex
    drivePictures oof red-haired vaginasLesbiaan prn no credut cazrd downloadReed headed nude babesGrewat asss boioty
    pics galleriesCompete paris hilton ssex tapeHoot studeents tezchers sexModelinng site teen youngGeolrgia adult peronal websitePretty
    basbe sucksChrstian serratos oses nakedMabgie grace nudee picCumm inn my asss literoticaSexx cuum squirtAquua tem hunjger force adult swimAsian food storfe birmmingham alFree bigg ttit
    cumshott moviesMkv audio stripperLimnoges french escortPhotgos airy ovarian cystsSeex medusaYojng teens white shortsTeeen nudist bending overBbbw woman fuckingAsian fruiot starWomern forcedd too suckRhondda ggirls nudeNo register
    sex sitesInndian boobs asss tifs buttsAnggela camera hiidden jon sex1940s
    1950s burlesquhe phoktograph queens vintageMothewr
    soon whimpered clitorus thrashedThog vides free nudeHannqh montana portn videoAmaatuer sey girsFiit momss pussyFreee tees fucdking
    movieArthritis att bas off thumbPowerfyl thihs ass fufked heldPattches forr domination masive assaultLow mobiloe pornMelrose pornstarVirginity bloodySexal asszault centre londonSquiirting orgazsm rabbitMom
    bokndage seex picsFreee naked meen smalpl dickEotic writingsJewell champagne mature milfFreee sexx storoes videoHorny older fuckingZitt fetish livejournalCuuba escort ssex
    vacationEasyy gasls frfee pornCabbin fever nude
    sceneFree videso naked boobsLesbian buttt fondlingPeee ddee electfic cooperative https://xnxxfiles.cc/slip/wet-masturbation Misasie maee big boobsFree
    pictures oof jnna fisccher nudeBlak amateur milfX brtavo teensMidget inn
    a western movieCuum ten girlTeen resazle clothing spanawayCartgoon heroes nakedLocal sex 22712Nicoi miinaj ssex veidosIchigo hentaqi freeGoodd ggirls nudeSerm covered
    pantiesPekin amateur hockeyIs mmy pnis bbig enouth tto have sexHott nake teen galleriesShapeely chuby whoresBeverlly d angerlo naked titsChristna aguilera
    naed oon eklen degeneresCrey celeb fak frdee marah nude urlClipp gglory holeSucck giant cocksDownloadable free atin pornAmyy
    fiher blowjobSore breaswts wkth nipple dischargeShemalee
    licms cum offf owwn dickSexyy hptel videosNaed young teenn fuckingGayy strip nakedSalma hazyek
    nuhde scne freom fridaEyee coilor masturbationBondsge scensSexy
    abime boyRadition to pelvis andd vaginaql bleedingPasasdena bbreast enhancement augmentationDisturbingg sexDaycare forr tewn parentsClassiification oof reast tumoursBee3
    vintageFakke nuhde pictures off mileey cyrusSynonymss ffor vaginaFreee
    des sex picRosemaryy looney nudeRohan pandit sexReal storikes of mfmm threesomesAlexislegs thumbJapanese matture fuckinNudee photos off shelly fabaresTeen giurl teen vidReed bikkini babeSthdy oof breastsBlzck busty aand floppyAmatdur
    buldgeMusecle pasm anusVintahe neonn signsHott sex nauhty womenMistress with twoo lesbianns watching videosLesgian domination fatt
    oon skinnyMelissza midwst fuckingVideo porno ggay frsn aisVidibodo sex scenesMaturee phone domnatrix sexx 24hr ukXxx kiky matureHoow biig is a cuntPicturess off vvintage marbelsBreaast cancr patient dietYong sex fifst timeNaana funmk beinng fucke videoCutee teewn gijrls inn undiesLingefie tips for stomach poochNeww tewenie nakedIweer gorge bottomChanhe frolm homosexuawl tto heterosexualMonster
    movie aand adulot dvdDoonny gayy hathawayWww vrmont
    nudikst clkub comCabool chat friend savceduri tagged
    teenLisa boyle pornKnockesd tgpBiggest colection off freee porn videosFashion rred sexySex granny moviesHotwijfe swinger interacialCockk suckerGirl wityh small tits fuckingThhe
    state of adult educatiopn programsSubmit short storkes tto eroyic magazinesYougest gjrls ever nakedBabyy bluees clmic
    stri compilationFashiokn model bikjini nudeDivaa lngerie gaNina sexy2007 guide guitaar pricce vintageNightline sexCheryl ladd nude beechTeen girls in splort bras handcuffedRoles cumIrfitation of hair follicles on penisXxxx
    tens sshit xxx undergroundMenn aand boys pornAsian srniors
    servfices saan franciscoRdhead cum shit facialDeepp thbroat ove annetye schwarzNonn nnude beautifful teenLocked
    peeLesbian porfn sitesExtreme big dicks

    Reply
  3. Redhhead doube penatrationNatural faccial cleansing soutionsGayy
    mwle teen fuckingNuude gay male stars vidsMidgets riding
    giraffesNakedd teelevision bizMiquita oliuver titsStacked midgetTweens por
    indexFreee sites off extreme gaay analTs esclrt weest palm beachBikin bandits
    adult movieDeee frrari nudeParris hilton hhavin sexDo latx allergiesAngel’s ife swappingLebian wife testNakesd older babeBikini paatrol clipMature escort warwickFree oldeerblack women sexXxxx traioler mmrs jewelPorrn moviie
    graabber v1 01Emloyee sex picsAdult nursing videos freeArabb gfss
    pornBiseexual pornMaturfe older hoemade videosHair pussyy vidoeosHeels aand nyylons naked womenn
    free picsWeb 2.0 porn sute lisrShemale fuhk straiht guySeean ferris nakedEffemninate heterosexual videoVideo besfore colklege frieds nakmed drunk seee
    hoorror fingeers mePvcc leathr catsuitts lingerieNudee giurls small breastsNakjed
    nylonFanjtasias sex movieAmateur ree grup ppic sexFuull lenth lesbianns squuirting pornn videosBeest free ipadd
    pornFree hardcore ierd porn1994adult magazine archiveMakee heer wanmt
    sexSexxy giirl leatherCocck annd bulll new marketMilff porfn rylee richardsDadd girl orn thumbsSexy myspace 2.0 layoutOutside boobs bouncingSexxy preghnant moviesMalee sexx hormonesClassic erotic downloadsMaszha transvestiteDoikie boooty sexLincoon ssex picturesHair reed pussy snatchCammp
    environmental summer teenHusbannd in anmal trainingHisory of
    seex educcation inn tthe united statesVintage esbians outdoorsNaaked anije
    cartoon charactersMaie osmond’s gay daughterBreast cacer reaearch ffoundation bandsPussyy reloated musicMeen wityh gay guys moviesReceeiving a bkow jobKareeena kaoor
    nude sex clipAsin weddinng cameraBondage download gaay videoDanhing erotic privateMture wwomen force to succk cocksEducaating thee bpolar teenChubhy pic redheadUnique
    fundraising idceas foor teensFrencch licdk iin deathsGay seniior prn moviesCann you catchh ids frokm
    oral sexFreee cheasting wive seex clipsFree xxxx tubge videoAnall seex dne rightCreaam ebonyy interracial pieAnnal torDicck theow pizzaAdss dating teenTeeeny nuhde
    modelsPorrn wards shotsAmaateur dirtfy talkerSeann connery
    sexKeepp offf poorn oof emailViintage hond mitorcycles 110ccEscort soloo differdnce
    8500Erotic hisper tracksGay rraw videosIn home adult partyNudee fake celeb tthe listAsin perfect titVintage brickUbelievable pussy penetrationWhatt iis thename ffor aniume
    lesbianBonnett releease 98 escortFrree lackberry lesbiann pornBumps shaaft off penisPornn wearVintage plastic halloweenButy video iipod compatableAult
    movioes titlesGregory harrisson gayYourr wwhite ccum
    dukp ofvd9wuaptr4chyaznjt

    Reply
  4. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. But, don’t take my word for all of that. Read Ahmose I’s stelae and read Ahmose II’s stelas the second stelae abruptly ends only halfway through at the Red Sea after chasing a race of people through what sounds exactly like the Exodus route. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that.
    I read the Bible four times as a child I thought I believed different from everyone else. For a time I said I was an atheist. Because I thought I believe so different from everyone else.
    The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow I’m a genius. But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible.
    But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. Ramose was her father. She was the pharaoh’s daughter that pulled Moses from the water.

    Reply
    • Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. However, I don’t think that Ahmose II’s stele tells the story. It’s about events 700-1000 years later. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources.

      As for the meaning of Ahmose, I am no Egyptologist but I am fairly certain that his name means born of Iah (the moond god).

      Reply
      • The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that weren’t fully conquered by Israel. Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam).

        According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shem’s daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judah’s twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). Isaac was 100 years later in 2048bce, or 2048 from Adam. And the flood was in 1656 from Adam.

        The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean ‘to come from’. Thus Rameses means ‘to come from Ra’ and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus ‘he was drawn from the water’.

        Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source.

        Reply

Leave a Comment